NIOS Class 12 Syllabus 2026: Download Subject-Wise PDF for Science, Commerce and Arts

Subject group

Subjects

Group A: Languages

Hindi, English, Bengali, Urdu, Sanskrit and other available languages

Group B

Mathematics, Geography, Economics, Business Studies, Psychology and Home Science

Group C

Physics, History and other listed subjects

Group D

Chemistry, Political Science and Mass Communication

Group E

Biology, Accountancy and Introduction to Law

Group F

Computer Science, Sociology and Environmental Science

Section

Marks

Prescribed Texts

20

Functional Grammar

15

Functional Writing Skills

25

Comprehension (Unfamiliar Passages)

20

Optional Module

20

Total

100

Book

Important Lessons

Prescribed Prose and Poetry

The Crow and the Deer, Mary Kom’s Interview, An Astrologer’s Day, Bholi, Ecology and Environment

Poetry and Prose

Where the Mind is Without Fear, If, Kabir and Thiruvalluvar, Kalidas

Reading with Understanding

Thimmakka and Biomedical Waste, Losar and Bihu, Stress Before Examination, Nation Builders of India

Communication and Writing

Face-to-Face Communication, Appearing for an Interview, Writing Letters, Writing Emails, Writing Reports

Section

Important Topics

Functional Grammar

Tenses, articles, prepositions, modals, voice, narration, sentence transformation and error correction

Functional Writing Skills

Letters, emails, reports, notices, paragraphs and short compositions

Comprehension

Unseen passages, vocabulary, inference-based questions and short answers

Optional Module

Advanced reading, writing and language-development topics

Major topic area

Areas covered

गद्य

निर्धारित गद्य पाठों का अध्ययन

पद्य

निर्धारित कविताओं का भावार्थ और व्याख्या

व्याकरण

पाठ्यक्रम में निर्धारित व्याकरण विषय

लेखन कौशल

निर्धारित लेखन प्रारूप और अभिव्यक्ति

पठन कौशल

गद्यांश का अध्ययन और प्रश्नों के उत्तर

Module

Important Topics

Motion, Force and Energy

Kinematics, Newton’s laws, work, energy, power, rotational motion, gravitation

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

Elasticity, pressure, viscosity, surface tension, fluid flow

Thermal Physics

Heat, temperature, thermodynamics, kinetic theory, heat transfer

Oscillations and Waves

Simple harmonic motion, wave motion, sound, Doppler effect

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, alternating current

Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection, refraction, lenses, optical instruments, wave optics

Atoms and Nuclei

Atomic structure, radioactivity, nuclear physics

Semiconductor Devices

Semiconductors, diodes, transistors, communication systems

Module

Important Topics

Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Matter, mole concept, stoichiometry, atomic and molecular masses

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

Atomic models, quantum numbers, chemical bonding, molecular structure

States of Matter

Gaseous state, liquids, solids, solutions and colligative properties

Chemical Energetics

Thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, spontaneity

Chemical Dynamics

Chemical equilibrium, ionic equilibrium, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics

Chemistry of Elements

Periodic table, metals, non-metals, transition elements, coordination compounds

Chemistry of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, biomolecules

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs, chemicals in food, cleansing agents, polymers

Module

Important Topics

Diversity and Evolution of Life

Origin of life, classification, evolution, biodiversity

Form and Function of Plants and Animals

Plant physiology, human physiology, digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, nervous system

Reproduction and Heredity

Reproduction in plants and humans, reproductive health, genetics, inheritance

Environment and Health

Ecosystem, environmental issues, health, diseases, immunity

Emerging Areas in Biology

Biotechnology, genetic engineering, bioinformatics and modern biological applications

Module

Important Topics

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Complex numbers, quadratic equations, roots and properties

Determinants and Matrices

Matrices, determinants, inverse of a matrix, linear equations

Permutations and Combinations

Arrangements, selections, factorial notation and counting principles

Sequences and Series

Arithmetic progression, geometric progression, special series

Trigonometry

Trigonometric functions, identities, inverse trigonometric functions

Coordinate Geometry

Straight lines, circles, conic sections, three-dimensional geometry

Differential Calculus

Limits, continuity, differentiation and applications of derivatives

Integral Calculus

Indefinite and definite integrals, area under curves

Probability and Statistics

Probability, random experiments, statistics and data interpretation

Vectors and 3D Geometry

Vectors, direction cosines, lines and planes in 3D

Module

Important Topics

Computer Fundamentals

Computer organization, operating systems, software and hardware

Programming Concepts

Algorithms, flowcharts, programming logic and problem solving

Python Programming

Data types, operators, control statements, functions and lists

Data Structures

Arrays, strings, stacks and queues

Database Concepts

Database basics, tables, SQL queries and data management

Networking and Internet

Network types, internet services, cybersecurity basics

Module

Important Topics

Business Environment

Nature of business, forms of business organization, business environment

Management

Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling

Business Finance

Sources of finance, financial management and capital structure

Marketing

Marketing mix, product, price, promotion and distribution

Consumer Protection

Consumer rights, consumer awareness and redressal mechanisms

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial skills, business opportunities and enterprise development

Module

Important Topics

Accounting for Partnership

Partnership deed, profit and loss appropriation, admission, retirement and death of a partner

Accounting for Companies

Share capital, issue of shares, debentures and company final accounts

Financial Statements

Trading account, profit and loss account and balance sheet

Analysis of Financial Statements

Ratio analysis, cash flow statement and interpretation of financial data

Computerized Accounting

Accounting software, database concepts and electronic spreadsheets

Module

Important Topics

Introduction to Economics

Basic economic problems, production possibilities and economic systems

Consumer Behaviour and Demand

Utility, demand, elasticity of demand and consumer equilibrium

Producer Behaviour and Supply

Production, cost, revenue and supply

Forms of Market and Price Determination

Perfect competition, monopoly, market equilibrium and price mechanism

National Income Accounting

GDP, GNP, national income and related aggregates

Money and Banking

Money supply, commercial banks, central bank and credit creation

Government Budget and Economy

Budget, taxation, fiscal policy and public expenditure

International Trade

Balance of payments, foreign exchange and trade policy

Module

Important Topics

Ancient India

Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic age, Mauryas, Guptas and ancient culture

Medieval India

Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, regional kingdoms and medieval society

Modern India

British rule, freedom struggle, national movement and independence

World History

French Revolution, industrial revolution, world wars and major global changes

Map Work

Important historical sites, movements and geographical locations

Module

Important Topics

Indian Constitution

Preamble, fundamental rights, duties and directive principles

Union Government

President, Prime Minister, Parliament, judiciary and federal structure

State Government

Governor, state legislature, state administration and local government

Democracy and Elections

Election Commission, political parties, voting and democratic processes

International Relations

India’s foreign policy, United Nations and global issues

Individual and the State

Political theories and the concepts of society, nation and state

Indian Constitution

Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and federalism

Structure of Government

Union Executive, Parliament and the judiciary

Democracy in Practice

Elections, political parties and public opinion

Contemporary Issues

Environmental awareness, governance and human rights

India and the World

Foreign policy and relations with neighbouring countries

United Nations or Administrative System

Topics from the prescribed alternative module

Module

Important Topics

Physical Geography

Earth’s structure, landforms, climate, weather and natural vegetation

Human Geography

Population, migration, settlements and human activities

Economic Geography

Agriculture, industries, transport, trade and resources

Geography of India

Physical features, climate, soils, rivers and regional development

Geography as a Discipline

Nature and scope of geography

Earth's Dynamic Processes

Landforms and geomorphic processes

Water and Oceans

Hydrological cycle and ocean systems

Atmosphere and Climate

Atmospheric pressure, winds and climate change

Biogeography

Biosphere, biomes and biodiversity

Physical Geography of India

India's physical setting and climate

Natural Resources

Forests, biodiversity and water resources

Economic Geography

Agriculture, minerals, energy, transport and trade

Population and Development

Population composition and human development

Contemporary Issues

Sustainable development and related challenges

Map Work

Physical and political maps of India and the world

Module

Important Topics

Introduction to Sociology

Society, community, culture, socialisation and social groups

Social Institutions

Family, marriage, religion, education and economy

Social Stratification

Caste, class, gender and social inequality

Social Change

Modernisation, globalisation, urbanisation and social movements

Contemporary Issues

Population, environment, poverty and social problems

Society and Social Structure

Groups, communities and social relationships

Culture and Socialisation

Values, norms and social learning

Social Change

Factors and patterns of social change

Module

Important Topics

Foundations of Psychology

Nature of psychology, methods and branches

Human Development

Growth, development stages and lifespan changes

Cognitive Processes

Attention, memory, learning, thinking and intelligence

Personality and Motivation

Personality theories, emotions, motivation and stress

Psychological Disorders

Mental health, disorders, therapy and well-being

Module

Important Topics

Food and Nutrition

Nutrients, balanced diet, meal planning and food preservation

Human Development

Child development, adolescence, adulthood and family relationships

Resource Management

Time, money, energy and household resource management

Textiles and Clothing

Fibres, fabric care, clothing selection and laundry

Community Development

Health, hygiene, environment and community welfare